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Complete information on Monkeypox Virus
Mr. Ashutosh Sahoo,
B.J.B. Autonomous College
After the outbreak of corona virus another dreadful virus has started hitting the earth and this life threatening virus is named as Monkeypox virus. From the most recent scenarios it is suspected that it can also be matter of concern. According to WHO it is predicted that it could be the reason of next endemic situation. The cases shown these days of Monkeypox virus is increasing rapidly and trying to spread all over. Globally it has touched to 20,000 cases and the majority of cases found in European countries. On July 23, the World Health Organization has declared monkeypox to be a public health emergency of international concern.
Global Statistics
Total number of country=78
HISTORY:
Monkeypox virus was discovered in 1958 when two outbreaks of a pox like disease occurred in group of monkeys kept for research, got the name monkeypox. In 1970 the first human case was seen in Africa in the democratic republic of Congo in a 9 year old boy. Since then most cases have been reported from rural, rainforest regions of the Congo basin, and human case have been increasingly reported from across central and west Africa. For Some period of time the virus had been eradicated but again it showed up with high fatality rate. Research says that per year reportedly about 3000 to 5000 cases have found in particularly Nigeria and Ghana. According to the researcher the Monkeypox virus has two types, one is Congo basin clade and other one is west African clade. Congo basin clade is said to be more severe and transmissible rather than west African clade .
CAUSATIVE AGENT:
The Monkeypox virus comes under the Genus Orthopox in the family of Poxviridae. The virus contains double stranded DNA as a genetic material. This virus has no specific structure and function found out till now, so it is presumed that it resembles the vaccinia virus. The Poxviridae family have the reservoir host and the reservoir host is mostly the primates or mammals. Various animal species have been identified as susceptible to monkeypox virus. This includes Rope squirrels, tree squirrels, Gambian pouched rats, Dormice etc.
WAY OF TRANSMISSION :
Transmission can occur from direct contact with the blood, bodily fluid, or cutaneous mucosal lesions of infected animals. Eating inadequately cooked meat and other products of infected animals looked like a risk factor. Also it is possible to get the virus by being scratched or bitten by the infected animal.
The human to human transmission can occur through the direct contact with the infectious rashes, scabs or body fluids.Respiratory secretions during prolonged ,face to face contact, or during intimate physical contacts. Touching items such as clothing or linens that previously touches the infectious rash or body fluids. Pregnant people can spread the virus to their fetus through the placenta.
SYMPTOMS:
The incubation period (interval from infection to onset of symptoms) of monkeypox is usually from 6 to 13 days but can range from 5 to 21 days.
The infection can be divided into two periods:
The invasion period (lasts between 0–5 days) characterized by fever, intense headache, lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lymph nodes), back pain, myalgia (muscle aches) and intense asthenia (lack of energy). Lymphadenopathy is a distinctive feature of monkeypox compared to other diseases that may initially appear similar (chickenpox, measles, smallpox)
the skin eruption usually begins within 1–3 days of appearance of fever. The rash tends to be more concentrated on the face and extremities rather than on the trunk. It affects the face (in 95% of cases), and palms of the hands and soles of the feet (in 75% of cases). Also affected are oral mucous membranes (in 70% of cases), genitalia (30%), and conjunctivae (20%), as well as the cornea. The rash evolves sequentially from macules (lesions with a flat base) to papules (slightly raised firm lesions), vesicles (lesions filled with clear fluid), pustules (lesions filled with yellowish fluid), and crusts which dry up and fall off. The number of lesions varies from a few to several thousand. In severe cases, lesions can coalesce until large sections of skin slough off.
Monkeypox is usually a self-limited disease with the symptoms lasting from 2 to 4 weeks. Severe cases occur more commonly among children and are related to the extent of virus exposure, patient health status and nature of complications. Underlying immune deficiencies may lead to worse outcomes. Although vaccination against smallpox was protective in the past, today persons younger than 40 to 50 years of age (depending on the country) may be more susceptible to monkeypox due to cessation of smallpox vaccination campaigns globally after eradication of the disease.
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Complications of monkeypox can include secondary infections, bronchopneumonia, sepsis, encephalitis, and infection of the cornea with ensuing loss of vision. The extent to which asymptomatic infection may occur is unknown.The case fatality ratio of monkeypox has historically ranged from 0 to 11 % in the general population and has been higher among young children. In recent times, the case fatality ratio has been around 3–6%.
VACCINATION AND PREVENTION:
Till now there are no such particular vaccines have been discovered for monkeypox virus. But the vaccination used for smallpox is believed will effective for monkeypox. Smallpox and monkeypox vaccines are developed in formulations based on the vaccinia virus due to cross-protection afforded for the immune response to Orthopoxviruses.
Raising awareness of risk factors and educating people about the measures they can take to reduce exposure to the virus is the main prevention strategy for monkeypox. Scientific studies are now underway to assess the feasibility and appropriateness of vaccination for the prevention and control of monkeypox.
Avoid skin to skin, face to face and mouth to skin including sexual contact. Clean hands, objects, surfaces, bedding, towels and clothes regularly.
References:
- https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/response/2022/world-map.html
- https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox
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